ABSTRACT Objective To compare the effects of the neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) recombinant human insulin formulations Gansulin and Humulin N® on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and methods Prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel, single-center study of 37 individuals with T2DM treated with NPH insulin formulations. The Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons, the Wilcoxon paired comparison test and the Chi-Square test were used for the statistical analyses. The significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results The NPH insulin formulations Humulin and Gansulin similarly reduced the HbA1c levels observed at the end of the study compared with the values obtained at the beginning of the study. In the Humulin group, the initial HbA1c value of 7.91% was reduced to 6.56% (p < 0.001), whereas in the Gansulin group, the reduction was from 8.18% to 6.65% (p < 0.001). At the end of the study, there was no significant difference between the levels of glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.2410), fasting plasma glucose (FG; p = 0.9257) and bedtime plasma glucose (BG; p = 0.3906) between the two insulin formulations. There was no nt difference in the number of hypoglycemic events between the two insulin formulations, and no severe hyp episodes were recorded. Conclusion This study demonstrated similar glycemic control by NPH insulin Gansulin compared with human insulin Humulin N® in patients with T2DM.

O risco de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) nos pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) é conhecido desde o final dos anos 1970, sendo atualmente a principal causa de mortalidade na população adulta com diabetes tipo 1 de longa duração. A patogênese do processo aterosclerótico nesta doença ainda é obscura, acreditando-se que a hiperglicemia desenvolva aí um papel importante, entretanto vários estudos epidemiológicos mostraram que a associação entre doença coronariana e glicemia, em pacientes com DM1 seja fraca. Dados recentes do estudo DCCT/EDIC mostram que o grupo que recebeu tratamento insulínico intensificado durante o DCCT desenvolveu graus menores de aterosclerose, relacionado aos valores reduzidos de HbA1c durante a fase ativa do estudo, com melhor proteção nos pacientes mais jovens e com menor duração da doença. Há também evidências de que os benefícios são maiores nos pacientes sem nefropatia quando comparados aos com doença renal. Outros fatores de risco importante para o desenvolvimento de DAC em pacientes com DM1 são os mesmos descritos para DM2, incluindo os componentes da síndrome metabólica e marcadores de resistência insulínica. Sugere-se que pacientes com DM1 devam ter o melhor controle glicêmico possível, desde o início da sua doença acrescido de vigilância e tratamento rígido dos fatores de riscos clássicos para DAC, principalmente naqueles com história familiar de DM2.

The association between type 1 diabetes and coronary heart disease has become very clear since the late 1970. It has been demonstrated that there is an important increased risk in morbidity and mortality caused by coronary artery disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes compared with the non diabetic population. The underlying pathogeneses is still poorly understood. While the role of glycemic control in the development of microvascular disease complication is well established its role in CVD in patients with DM1 remains unclear with epidemiologic studies reporting conflicting data. Recent findings from the DCCT/EDIC showed that prior intensive diabetes treatment during the DCCT was associated with less atherosclerosis, largely because of reduced level of HbA1c during the DCCT. The improvement of glycemic control itself appeared to be particularly effective in younger patients with shorter duration of the disease. Other analyses suggested the glycemia may have a stronger effect on CAD in patients without than in those with albuminúria. Other major determinants of coronary artery disease are the components of metabolic syndrome and the surrogate measure of insulin resistence: eGDR. It is proposed that patients with DM1 should have aggressive medical therapy, risk factor modification and careful monitoring not only of his blood sugar but also of the other processes involved in the atherosclerotic process, mostly the ones with family history of type 2 diabetes.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em pacientes ambulatoriais com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) em diferentes regiões do Brasil. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Avaliamos aleatoriamente 2.519 pacientes em 11 hospitais, 2 ambulatórios especializados e um posto de saúde em 10 cidades brasileiras. Consideramos sobrepeso um índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 25 e obesidade um IMC > 30 kg/m². O controle glicêmico (CG) foi avaliado pelo índice de CG [ICG= HbA1 e ou HbA1c do paciente/limite superior de normalidade do método x 100]. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tinham idade de 58,8 ± 11,6 anos, tempo de diagnóstico clínico de DM de 9,0 ± 7,3 anos, IMC de 28,3 ± 5,2 kg/m², e 39% eram do sexo masculino. Do total da amostra, 265 pacientes (10,5%) não apresentavam avaliação do IMC. Os pacientes da região Nordeste apresentaram menor IMC em comparação com os das regiões Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul, respectivamente (26,4 ± 4,7 vs. 27,9 ± 4,8 vs. 29,2 ± 5,1 vs. 29,4 ± 5,4 kg/m²; p< 0,001). Houve maior prevalência de obesidade na região Sudeste e Sul em comparação à região Nordeste (p< 0,001) e nos pacientes do sexo feminino, respectivamente (69 vs. 31%; p< 0,001). Os pacientes com peso normal apresentaram menor ICG. Aqueles em tratamento com associação de duas ou mais drogas orais e associação de insulina + droga oral apresentaram maior IMC do que aqueles em tratamento com dieta, hipoglicemiante oral e insulina; p< 0,001. O IMC não diferiu entre os pacientes assistidos ou não por especialistas. CONCLUSÕES: Da população estudada, 75% não estava na faixa de peso ideal, sendo que um terço tinha obesidade. Nossos dados indicam que o sobrepeso e a obesidade já atingem um percentual de pacientes com DM2 no Brasil semelhante ao relatado em estudos europeus, mas ainda menor do que o observado nos EUA. A prevalência de obesidade nos pacientes diabéticos foi três vezes maior do que a observada na população brasileira em geral de acordo com os dados do IBGE.

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in type 2 diabetic (DM2) outpatients from different regions of Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 2,519 randomly selected patients, from 11 hospitals, 2 endocrine and one general public care clinics from 10 cities. Overweight was defined as body-mass index (BMI) > 25 and obesity as BMI > 30 kg/m². Glycemic control (GC) was evaluated by GC index (GCI= patient's HbA1 or HbA1c/upper limit of normal for the method x 100). RESULTS: 39% of the population studied was male, the mean age was 58.8 ± 11.6 y, the duration from clinical diagnosis of DM2 was 9.0 ± 7.3y, and BMI was 28.3 ± 5.2 kg/m². No measurements of BMI were recorded from 265 patients (10.5%). Patients from the Northeast presented lower BMI as compared with those from the Midwest, Southeast and South areas, respectively (26.4 ± 4.7 vs. 27.9 ± 4.8 vs. 29.2 ± 5.1 vs. 29.4 ± 5.4 kg/m²; p< 0.001). A greater prevalence of obesity was observed in the Southeast and South areas as compared to the Northeast (p< 0.001), as well as in the female group, respectively (69% vs. 31%; p< 0.001). Normal weight patients presented lower GCI. Patients being treated with two or more oral drugs and an association of insulin plus oral drug presented greater BMI values than those being treated with diet, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin p< 0.001. The BMI of patients treated by a specialist did not differ from those treated by a generalist. CONCLUSIONS: 75% of our sample was out of adequate BMI and 30% was obese. The percentage of patients with overweight and obesity was comparable to those found in similar European studies but still lower than those found in the USA. The prevalence of obesity in diabetic patients was three times higher than in the overall Brazilian population according to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).

Este artigo relata a posição de consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes sobre a insulinoterapia intensiva e a terapêutica com bombas de infusão de insulina, obtida durante simpósio de atualização realizado especificamente para esta finalidade, em 2003. Estas modalidades de tratamento do diabetes são aqui conceituadas, seus fundamentos são colocados, e os aspectos práticos de indicações, exeqüibilidade, limites, técnicas e relação custo-benefício são analisados. As técnicas envolvem os esquemas de auto-monitorização glicêmica sugeridos e as doses, tipos, formas de administração da insulina e fatores de cálculo utilizados em cada modalidade de tratamento intensivo, tanto no DM1 quanto no DM2. O papel da SBD na implementação dos tratamentos intensivos do diabetes e a atuação dos vários profissionais envolvidos são discutidos e comentados. Conclui-se com as respostas de consenso a questões orientadoras do tema, formuladas na apresentação do simpósio.

This article reports the Brazilian Diabetes Society consensus statement on intensive insulin therapy and insulin pump therapy, arrived at during an update symposium held in 2003 for this specific purpose. The concepts underlying these modalities of diabetes treatment are outlined, their fundaments are given, and practical issues about their indications, feasibility, limits, techniques and cost-benefit relationships are analyzed. The techniques comprise the suggested self-monitoring schedules and the insulin doses, types, forms of administration and correction factors used in each modality of intensive treatment, for both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The roles of SBD in the implementation of these treatments and of the different professionals involved are discussed and commented. The conclusions are based on consensual answers to some orienting questions formulated during the symposium's presentation.